<p>Titusville Historic District is a national historic district in Titusville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The district includes 472 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas. It includes a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings with the majority built after the Drake Well was established in 1859. They are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>Notable buildings include the William Barnsdell House (c. 1855), First National Bank, R.D. Fletcher&#39;s Store, Universalist Church (1865), The Corinthian Hall, Chase and Stewart Block, Kernochan and Company Building (c. 1900), Penn Movie Theater (1939), Pennsylvania Bank & Trust Co., Swedish Congregationalist Church, and the Emerson House. Located in the district and separately listed is the Titusville City Hall.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond Downtown Historic District is an area of primarily commercial buildings and national historic district located at Richmond, Wayne County, Indiana. The district encompasses 47 contributing buildings located along the National Road. It developed between about 1868 and 1960 and includes representative examples of Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Queen Anne, Classical Revival, and Chicago School style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Murray Theater. Other notable buildings include the I.O.O.F. Building , Hittle Building , Tivoli Theater , Romey&#39;s Building , George H. Knollenberg Building , Kresge Building , Dickinson Building , former USA Post Office , and YMCA .</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Second Street–Gun River Bridge was a bridge in Martin Township, Michigan. It was demolished in 2012. The bridge was significant as a rare example of a bridge with a plaque stating that it had been built as a result of Michigan&#39;s Covert Act. It was also one of the few remaining examples of a camelback highway bridge in Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1926 as part of the Covert Act, which required the state, upon request of the appropriate locality, to construct all trunk-line roads. The Allegan County Road Commission hired Yost Brothers of Decatur, Indiana, to construct the bridge. The bridge is believed to have been based on a standard Michigan State Highway Department plan for a curved-chord concrete girder bridge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Second Street–Gun River Bridge consisted of a single concrete through-girder span, 48 feet in length. The substructure contained concrete abutments with both T-shaped and flared. The bridge&#39;s concrete girders had curved tops with six cast window-like recesses. The deck was 29.3 feet wide, with a 22 feet wide roadway covered with blacktop. The corner posts had squared caps and bases, with four curved concrete brackets at the corner of each girder.</p><br>
<p>Villa Maria Academy are two connected historic school buildings located at Erie, Erie County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1892, with additions and alterations in 1904 and 1927. The original building, known as the motherhouse, is a 2 1/2-story, red brick building with terra cotta trim in the High Victorian Gothic style. It features a cross gable roof with dormers and two conical roof turrets. The 3 1/2-story addition was completed in 1904. It is in the Gothic style and features parapet walls, a second story projecting bay, terra cotta decoration, and a hipped roof with dormers. Gannon Hall was built in 1927 and is connected to the original academy building by a two-story bridge. It is a 3 1/2-story, gable roofed building in the Late Gothic Revival style. The brick building features stepped gable dormers and the College Chapel section with stained glass windows, conical roof tower, and pointed buttresses. The College Chapel, also known as Villa Chapel, was added to Preservation Pennsylvania At Risk List in 2011.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Fort Site  is an archaeological site in the Delta region of the USA state of Mississippi. It is one of three major earthwork sites in the far southern portion of the Yazoo River valley, and it has been designated a historic site because of its archaeological value. Despite its name, the site was not built by the Spanish, and its original purpose is believed to have been ceremonial, not martial.</p><br>
<h2>Location and excavations</h2><br>
<p>The Spanish Fort Site lies along the Sunflower River nearly 10 mi downstream from the community of Holly Bluff. Along with the nearby Leist A and Little Spanish Fort sites, it is a semicircular earthwork that has received little archaeological attention. In 1988, the site was classified as having been built by peoples of the Anderson Landing phase, but this assignment was largely due to the presence of an Anderson Landing site near the earthworks. The site first appeared in print in the early twentieth century in the account of archaeologist Clarence Bloomfield Moore, who sank a few test pits at the site; according to his report, the site comprised an embankment and a group of mounds. Eighteen years later, another survey estimated the enclosure&#39;s area at 45 acre. From 1949 to 1955, yet another expedition collected artifacts from the surface and conducted more test excavations; they found evidence of occupation by the Marksville (Issaquena phase), Coles Creek (Aden phase), and Baytown (Deasonville phase) cultures.</p><br>
<h2>Conclusions</h2><br>
<p>Excavations at Little Spanish Fort led an archaeologist working with the Forest Service to conclude in 1993 that the three sites could not be assigned a single conclusive date, due to the presence of cultural material as old as the Archaic period and as recent as the Mississippian period. However, the study suggested that the enclosure itself was constructed during the early portion of the Middle Woodland period; the site has yielded pottery with characteristics that appear to have been created as local peoples culture was changing from Tchefuncte to Marksville. Radiocarbon dating shows that the Little Spanish Fort, which also was built during the Marksville period, was constructed approximately 2110 BP (160 BC) — despite their names, the earthwork sites were built long before the first Spanish presence in the region. Archaeologists have disputed the reasons for building the Spanish Fort and the other nearby earthworks: some hold that their circular or semicircular shape represented a method for humans to contain the vast cosmos, while others argue that the process of construction was their builders method of joining in the cosmos. Scholars are agreed that the Spanish Fort Site and similar sites were ceremonial locations, rather than fortifications.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1988, about 18 acre of the Spanish Fort Site were listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to the site&#39;s archaeological significance. Spanish Fort is one of five Sharkey County sites on the National Register, along with Leist A, the Rolling Fork Mounds, the Savory Site, and the Cary Site. The Little Spanish Fort is not listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Pico Alto  is the highest point, 586.64 m, on the island of Santa Maria, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The initial formation of the Facho-Pico Alto Volcanic Complex was a phase of intense volcanism, resulting from submarine eruptions as early as 5 million years ago, resulting in the formation of Pico do Facho and extensive pillow lavas. Remnants of these pillow lavas can be identified 180 m above sea level, helping to increase the size of the island to roughly its current dimensions.</p><br>
<p>Following these eruptions, the land receded into the sea, resulting in a period of sub-aerial volcanism that resulted in the great relief in the complex, which is associated with lahars and erosional growth. The Pico Alto complex occurred continuously between 5 and 3 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>On 5 December 2012, the Secretaria Regional dos Recursos Naturais (Regional Directorate for Natural Resources) announced that they were beginning a reforestation program for Pico Alto; the forest of Santa Maria was considered "more identitical to those original forests of the Azores". Using seed from the Forest Service of Nordeste, the operational team of the Nature Park of Santa Maria began planting endemic species of Heather (Vaccinium cylindraceum), Azores Laurel (Laurus azorica) and other plants. This followed a program of eliminating invasive plants species that began in 2011, under the Plano Regional de Controle de Flora Invasora em Áreas Sensíveis program.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island of Santa Maria was created from successive layers of volcanic materials and marine sediments stratified over the course of a formative period, of which Pico Alto was created between 2 and 5 million years ago. The oldest island in the Azores, many of the original geological structures and volcanic morphology has been totally or partially eroded, dismantled and difficult to detect in the landscape of the island. Pico Alto being the largest structure within the Facho-Pico Alto Volcanic Complex has persisted throughout the island&#39;s geological history.</p><br>
<p>Geomorphologically, Pico Alto is part of a sierra localized in the central part of the island, consisting of a mountainous north-south alignment dividing the a rugged eastern coast from the western plain that rarely exceeds 277 m in elevation. The eastern or mountainous zone, is covered almost completely in vegetation, and highlighted by the peaks of Pico Alto, Cavacas 492 m, and Caldeiras 484 m.</p><br>
<p>The Facho-Pico Alto Volcanic Complex was constructed in three phases: the first related to stratovolcanic unit of Facho, and then, two lateral centres associated with Pico Alto. The volcanism that originated Facho was submarine in nature, with two visible centres positioned in the southern part of the island: Pico do Facho and a second pyroclastic cone situated 500 m west of Rocha Alta (the remains of its chamber still visible along the coast). Both these emission centre were responsible for pyroclastic and submarine lava flows. In the northern coast, there was likely another eruptive centre associated within this volcanic unit, but erosion makes its localization difficult. Following a long period of volcanic activity, conditions changed, allowing the deposition of sediments and formation of beaches. These deposits were constructed of conglomerates of stone and marine fossils, such as in Pedraque-Pica.</p><br>
<p>Pico Alto, resulted from fissural eruption developing in the eastern corner of the island. The inferior layer developed in the area of the central sierra and contributed to the growth of the eastern part of the island. These were sub-aerial eruptions, and the volcanic structures were submersed, simultaneously occurring an important submarine eruption, with evidence located in the areas from the Bay of Tagarete until Ponta da Malbusca, and along the eastern coast. The unique eruptive centre of this activity was in Pico Maloás.</p><br>
<p>The second, or superior eruption, covers a great part of the eastern part of the island, resulting from sub-aerial and submarine eruptions. The periods of sub-aerial activity resulted in extensive outcroppings, lava fields, layered pyroclasts, dykes and numerous seams (approximately 230), that originated in the central relief of Cavacas until Caldeira, and passing through Pico Alto, while submarine lava flows extended into the sea in the Bay of São Lourenço, Maia and Ponta do Castelo.</p><br>
<p>Both series of fissual eruptions are separated by terrestrial and marine sediments. The first constituted exclusively by alluvium deposits and surface runoff, including lahars, in the form of conglomerates and loamy coarse particulates, such as those in Bom Despacho Velho and Alto do Poente, as well as between Feteiras and Poço Grande. Marine sediments are confined to the older beaches, such as Ponta dos Matos, Ponta da Rocha or Ponta do Castelo. Some, like in Ponta do Castelo, are composed of calcrious fossils dating to the Pliocene.</p><br>
<p>The Dleskovec Plateau , probably named after Mount Dleskovec  in its central part, rarely also named the Vestibule , is a karstified mountain plateau in the eastern part of the Kamnik–Savinja Alps in northern Slovenia. It lies between the Roban Valley, the Upper Savinja Valley, and the Lučka Bela Valley, to the southeast of Mount Ojstrica and to the northeast of the Big Pasture Plateau. It is oriented in the direction from the southeast to the northwest. It covers an area of about 25 km&sup2; and is partly overgrown by forest and Mountain Pine. The highest point of the plateau is Mount Big Peak , also located in its central part. Administratively, the Dleskovec Plateau belongs to the settlement of Podveža in the Municipality of Luče.</p><br>
<p>There are several mountain pastures on the plateau. On the southern side, there are Podvežak Pasture (1,500 m) with a hut, Ravne Pasture, and Vodole Pasture. There is also Planinšek Farm or Planica, which is the highest-elevation farm on the plateau. On the northern side, the largest is Molič Pasture (1,754 m) with Kocbek Refuge. Above the latter stands a chapel dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius (1,829 m). Vodotočnik Pasture is situated in the western part. On this pasture, there are a small heart-shaped pond and a shepherd hut. The pond is a bit over 50 m long and about 2 m deep. Below Vodotočnik Pasture, there is a scree slope. On the slope north of it, there are some hummocky meadows.</p><br>
<p>The relief, formed of Triassic carbonate rocks, is intersected with grooves, grykes, sinkholes, and shafts, the deepest of which has a depth of over 1,000 m. It has been significantly altered by glaciers in the Pleistocene and by snow. There are almost no streams on the plateau. The climate is Alpine, with the average yearly temperature about 0 °C, the average winter temperature about −7 °C, and the average summer temperature about 7.5 °C. The plateau is mostly overgrown by deciduous forest, with predominance of beech (Fagus sylvatica), larch (Larix decidua), and spruce (Picea abies). A forest reserve with an area of 342 hectare is situated at the extreme northwest of the plateau.</p><br>
<p>Khallet el Hamra or Khallet Hamra is a ravine or wadi joining the larger Wadi Yaroun located 1 km southeast of Ain Ebelin the Bint Jbeil District of Nabatieh Governorate in Lebanon.</p><br>
<p>A Heavy Neolithic archaeological site of the Qaraoun culture was discovered by jesuit archaeologist Paul Bovier-Lapierre in 1908. It was located to the south of a track that leads from Ain Ebel to Bint Jbeil at around 700 m above sea level. Bovier-Lapierre considered several of the axes found to be Chellean with one exceptionally large and finely made Acheulean chopper. Henri Fleisch re-evaluated the materials in light of more modern studies and noted the finds to be only sparsely Acheulean with the assemblage consisting of predominantly "abundant" Heavy Neolithic tools of the Qaraoun culture.</p><br>
<p>The Wulfsen horse burial is an early medieval horse burial, consisting of three horses, that was discovered in 1974 in a Saxon grave field in the village of Wulfsen, in the German district of Harburg. The find was rescued as a varnish profile, which is on display in the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site was located on the northeastern escarpment of a sand pit near Wulfsen. In summer of 1974 a fossil collector observed a discoloration of the soil, which he considered of archaeological interest. He reported his observation to the Museum of the Principality of Lüneburg, which forwarded the message to the Helms-Museum in Hamburg-Harburg being the archaeological authority for the region. An excavation was conducted on the already disturbed burial site, which unearthed 35 human burials and the horse burial, containing the three horses. Due to the sandy soil, preservation of the burials was relatively poor. In total 26 older burials, oriented in north-south direction and nine younger burials oriented in east-west direction were excavated. Except for two arrowheads in a young person&#39;s grave, no other grave goods were observed.</p><br>
<h2>Horse burial</h2><br>
<p>The three horses were buried in a steep-walled pit of 230 cm by 240 cm. The bodies of the animals were fully decomposed, only bones and teeth remaining, but the bones were very brittle and fragile. Offerings or grave goods such as bridles were not detected. All the horses were lying on their left side, orientated in south–north direction. Their heads were placed in an upright posture on an elevated part of the pit. The middle horse was lying with its abdomen in a ventral position. The legs of the middle and eastern animal were sharply flexed. The legs of the western horse were lying in a half-extended position; it occupied about half of the pit&#39;s space. By use of a working platform, the bones were carefully exposed and soaked with cold glue, the pit was then laminated with lacquer and crêpe paper. The single bones were further secured with wires and pins. Then the pit was filled with a construction foam, secured in a wooden crate and recovered as a block. The entire object consists of a prepared sand layer of about 3 mm to 4 mm millimeters thickness with the embedded bone.</p><br>
<h2>Interpretation</h2><br>
<p>Based on evidence such as mortuary practice, the geographical orientation of remains and their grave goods, the burial was dated to 700–800 AD. The younger burials especially are dated to a period shortly before the wide Christianization of the region, which resulted in fundamental changes of burial practices. The horse burial could not be clearly assigned to one of the warrior&#39;s graves, therefore it is unclear whether was an individual burial of the animals or it was an addition to one of the human interments. Funerals of animals, especially of individual horses are well known from many grave fields of the Early Middle Ages. Similar burial sites have been found in Suffolk, England. Triple horse burials, for example, were discovered near Griefstedt (Sömmerda (district)) in Thuringia and Beckum (Warendorf (district)) in North Rhine-Westphalia, but for north-eastern Lower-Saxony it is unprecedented.</p><br>
<p>A LEGO miniature of the excavation of Wulfsen horse burial was built in 2013 for the special exhibition LEGO Zeitreise (LEGO time travel) of Archäologische Museum Hamburg.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Silver Cord Cascade is a horsetail type waterfall on Surface Creek, a tributary of the Yellowstone River in Yellowstone National Park. Surface Creek flows out of Ribbon Lake off the South rim of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and plunges 1,200 ft to the Yellowstone River. It is considered the tallest waterfall in Yellowstone.</p><br>
<p>Silver Cord Cascade was first described by members of the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition as Silverthread Falls.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Hauser and Benjamin Stickney, members of the Washburn Expedition are credited with the name Silverthread Falls. In 1883, Philetus Norris, then park superintendent, renamed the falls Sliding Cascade. However, in 1885 the official name, Silver Cord Cascade, was bestowed on the falls by the Arnold Hague Geological Survey.</p><br>
<p>The brink of the falls can be reached via the Clear Lake-Ribbon Lake trail, while the falls can be viewed from the North rim of the canyon off the Sevenmile Hole trail.</p><br>
<p>The Ben Darrah Water Tank and Well House near Shoshone, Idaho, United States, were built in c. 1916 by stonemason Bill Darrah. They was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983; the listing included two contributing buildings on 1.3 acre.</p><br>
<p>The water tank is round, constructed of rock walls about 12 ft tall and 14 ft in diameter. It is covered by a concrete-coated wood plank cover. It is one of Bill Darrahs earlier water tank works, and was built for his brother Ben Darrahs upper ranch.</p><br>
<p>As of 1981 an Aermotor windmill tower and mechanism, non-functioning, rose from a well house in front of the water tank. Its survival is unusual among Darrah&#39;s works.</p><br>
<p>The water tank and well house were deemed significant "both for their association with the development of sheep ranching in Lincoln County and for their lava rock craftsmanship."</p><br>
<p>Bill Darrah also built a water tank for the Arthur D. Silva ranch a few miles closer to Shoshone, in the late 1910&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Frederiksholms Kanal  is a canal in central Copenhagen, Denmark, which runs along the south-west side of Slotsholmen, together with Slotholmens Kanal separating the island from Zealand. The name also applies to the continuation of Rådhusstræde which follows the canal for most of its course, first on its south side and for the last stretch, from Prinsens Bro and to the waterfront, on both sides of the canal. Several historic buildings face the canal, ranging in size from Prince&#39;s Mansion, now housing National Museum, and Christiansborg&#39;s riding grounds to the diminutive Stable Boy&#39;s House, part of Civiletatens Materialgård, a former storage facility now used by the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts&#39;s School of Sculpture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The canal traces its history back to the extension of Copenhagen&#39;s West Rampart following the Assault on Copenhagen in 1659 which had taken place there. To better protect Slotsholmen, at that time home both to the royal palace and the fleet, the West Rampart was extended well into the sea. The shallow-watered area between the extended rampart and Slotsholmen was filled to form a district which was given the name Frederiksholm. Frederiksholm Canal was dug out in 1681.</p><br>
<p>Part of the new Frederiksholm area was used for the storage of building materials which were used in the construction work, both military and civilian, which was constantly ongoing in the expanding city. Many materials arrived by ship and the location next to the canal where they could moor was therefore convenient. There was also a sandpit where dredger deposited sand used for constructions around the city.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings and residents</h2><br>
<h3>The two storage facilities</h3><br>
<p>The military storage facility Fæstningens Materialgård was established shortly after Frederiksholm Canal had been dug but none of the original buildings exist today. The buildings remaining today are arranged around a central courtyard. The oldest of them is the Storage Keeper&#39;s House from 1740. The military storage facility was joined by Civiletatens Materialgård in 1771, a civilian storage facility, consisting of a small cluster of yellow-washed buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Royal Horse Guards Barracks</h3><br>
<p>in 1792 followed the Royal Horse Guards Barracks. They were built on a strip of land formerly part of Civiletatens Materialgård. The barracks were hit by a fire in 1798 but rebuilt and after the Royal Horse Guards were disbanded and served as Artillery Barracks.</p><br>
<h3>Town houses</h3><br>
<p>Further inland, the Frederiksholm area was built over with residential buildings. The most prominent of these is Prince&#39;s Mansion, originally built in 1681 but expanded and adapted for use as a residence for two consecutive crown princes in the middle of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>Barchmann Mansion was built in 1741 and originally rented out to foreign diplomats.</p><br>
<h3>Slotsholmen-side buildings</h3><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>Frederiksholm Canal is spanned by four bridges, including Storm Bridge which separates it from Slotsholmen Canal. The latter is named for the storming of the city in 1659 which led to the construction of the canal. A double arch bridge built in stone and connecting Zealand-side Stormgade to Vindebrogade on Slotsholmen, the current bridge was constructed in 1914 to a design by Martin Nyrop from 1898.</p><br>
<p>The most notable bridge crossing the canal is Marble Bridge which provides access to Christiansborg riding grounds. The old main entrance and one of few surviving features of the first Christiansborg Palace which burned in 1794, the bridge was constructed from 1739 to 1745 with Nicolai Eigtved as principal architect.</p><br>
<p>Prinsens Bro (Princes Bridge), also known as Tøjhusbro (Arsenal Bridge) after Christian IVs Arsenal on Slotsholmen, connects Ny Kongensgade to Tøjhusgade. The first bridge at the site was constructed in 1682 but the present one dates from the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Bryghusbro (Brewhouse Bridge) spans the mouth of the bridge, between Christian IV&#39;s Brewhouse and the Brewhouse Site. It is a bascule bridge built in 1935 and originally also carried railway tracks for the harbour rail line but they were removed in 1972. It received its current name in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Ships</h2><br>
<p>The canal is home to a couple of large house boats. The most distinctive of these is Lightvessel No. XI, originally built in 1878 and later altered several times before it was decommissioned and sold in 1977, after 99 years of service at various positions. The buyer was artist and designer Bo Bofils who adapted it for use as a house boat and moved it to its current location. A sister ship, Lightvessel No. XVII Gedser Rev, is owned by the National Museum and is based in Nyhavn where it serves as a museum ship.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur D. Silva Water Tank near Shoshone, Idaho, United States, was built in 1910. It was a work of sheep rancher and stonemason Bill Darrah and of stonemasons Pete Duffy & Sons. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is a round water tank built of rubble walls about 20 ft tall and 12 ft in diameter. It is covered by a concrete-covered wooden top. It is located a few hundred yards above the Arthur D. Silva Ranch, which is itself about 3 mi northwest of Shoshone.</p><br>
<p>The tank was deemed significant as an example of water tank construction, as an example of lava rock work by masons Bill Darrah and Pete Duffy and sons, and for its association with Portuguese settlement in South Central Idaho. It was built by Darrah in the late 1910s and was built higher by the Duffy&#39;s in the late 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Lost Man Lake is an alpine lake in Pitkin County, Colorado, United States, located high in the Sawatch Range in the Hunter-Fryingpan Wilderness of White River National Forest. The lake is accessible via the Lost Man Loop Trail from State Highway 82 west of Independence Pass. The lake is over a pass and north of Independence Lake and northeast of Geissler Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Lost Man Lake is larger than Independence, but only it&#39;s east side is open. The trail continues by the lake into high alpine meadows in the upper valley, and to its west terminus at Lost Man Campground. Views down Lost Man Creek valley are worth a look, and a great place to scan high slopes and ridges for mountain goats, bighorn sheep and elk.</p><br>
<p>It is a moderate half day hike. Depending on snow pack and weather, lake may still be frozen in July. Great senic views.</p><br>
<p>West and East Mitten Buttes  are two distinctive geological features found within the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park in northeast Navajo County, Arizona. When viewed from the south, the buttes appear to be two gigantic mittens with their thumbs facing inwards.</p><br>
<p>The two buttes are about 0.6 mi from the Arizona–Utah state line and West Mitten Butte is 1.1 mi northeast of the park headquarters. The summit of West Mitten Butte is 6,176 ft and East Mitten Butte is 6,226 ft in elevation.</p><br>
<p>The Mittens form a triangle with Merrick Butte about 2/3 of a mile to the south and, with Sentinel Mesa.</p><br>
<p>The buttes are made of three principal rock layers. The lowest layer is Organ Rock Shale, the middle is de Chelly Sandstone, and the top layer is the Moenkopi Formation capped by Shinarump Conglomerate.</p><br>
<p>Douwara is a Heavy Neolithic archaeological site of the Qaraoun culture located 2 km southwest of Ain Ebel in the Bint Jbeil District of Nabatieh Governorate in Lebanon. It is located on slopes north of the road from Ain Ebel to Rmaich.</p><br>
<p>It was discovered by Jesuit priest Henri Fleisch, whilst out prospecting for prehistoric sites in 1950, who published his findings in 1951 and 1954. The collections from the site were also discussed by Jacques Cauvin. Vast numbers of heavy tools were found representing the industry of the Qaroun culture including piles of debitage and bifaces. Another industry present at the site was tentatively identified as Chalcolithic and included axes, chisels and heavy borers that resembled Minet ed Dhalia points.</p><br>
<p>Frog Woman Rock is a distinctive volcanic monolith in the Russian River canyon through the California Coast Ranges. The California Historical Landmark, adjacent to US Route 101, is a popular recreation site for rock-climbing and whitewater kayaking.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Russian River channel through the Franciscan Assemblage is moved westerly against the steep, resistant face of Frog Woman Rock by an earthflow known as Squaw Rock Slide. The earth flow forms the east bank of the river where the vertical cliffs of Frog Woman Rock form the west bank. Boulders moved into the river channel by the earth flow remain while turbulent river flow erodes and transports smaller sediment particles of the earth flow down the Russian River. The remaining boulders form rapids varying from class III during summer flows of 300 cuft/s to class V during heavy winter runoff events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Russian River canyon has long been a transportation corridor between the agricultural Ukiah Valley and seaports around San Francisco Bay. Northwestern Pacific Railroad tunnel number 8 was bored 1270 feet (388 m) through Frog Woman Rock in 1889 to bring the railroad up the west side of the canyon. Early wagon roads up the east side of the canyon were improved to form United States highway 101. The present highway alignment crosses Squaw Rock Slide on a bridge at milepost MEN 4.9. Early travelers through the canyon noted the upper portion of Frog Woman Rock resembles the profile of a head and face, with imaginatively humanoid or frog-like features. This profile can be most conveniently observed traveling southbound on highway 101 from mileposts MEN 6.4 to 6.2.</p><br>
<p>The European name Squaw Rock may have derived from the story of Lover’s Leap cited in the History of Mendocino County, California published in 1880. The legend tells of a young chief named Cachow from the village in Cloverdale who promised to marry Sotuka, the daughter of chief of the Sanel in Hopland. Cachow did not keep his promise and instead married another woman. The newlyweds were camped at the base of a large rock cliff along the Russian River. All three were killed when Sotuka, holding a great stone, jumped from the precipice upon the sleeping pair below.</p><br>
<p>The veracity of the above description has been debated. The 6 December 1891 Sunday Morning Star newspaper published a legend written by Dr. J.C. Tucker from the recollections of an elderly native American woman. This legend of Squaw Rock may have metamorphosed in retelling: A native American woman who died in the 1850s was said to have lived with a daughter, known as Pancha, fathered by one of the Russians stationed at Fort Ross. Pancha fell in love with a gold prospector identified as Archie Henderson. Henderson had broken his leg in a fall and was nursed through recovery by Pancha and her mother. Pancha became despondent after Henderson was later found dead. A man identified as Concho was believed responsible for Hendersons death. Concho was expelled from his tribe and the bereaved Pancha jumped or fell to her death. When people observed rocks falling from the cliffs through the following years, some said Panchas spirit was casting stones down at some passing person she thought to be Concho.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, Squaw Rock was designated California Historical Landmark number 549, with a description based upon Palmers 1880 Mendocino County History: "This early landmark, also called Lovers Leap, is associated with the purported legend of a 19th-century Sanel Indian maiden, Sotuka. Her faithless lover, Chief Cachow, married another, all three were killed when Sotuka, holding a great stone, jumped from the precipice upon the sleeping pair below."</p><br>
<h3>Name Change</h3><br>
<p>Archival research at the Grace Hudson Museum in Ukiah revealed specific ethnographic information relevant to the California Landmark. John Hudson was a medical doctor and ethnologist living in Mendocino County in the late 1800s. A vast amount of primary information concerning Pomo tribes is recorded in various journals, notebooks, sketches, paintings, photographs, maps, recordings, and collections of the Hudson family. The following extract is taken from John Hudson’s unpublished Pomo Linguistic Manuscript Ukiah 8 21,069 (circa 1892). The Pomo words identified in the Hudson notebook appear to be in the Northern Pomo language. The orthology (the spellings of the words) is as it appears in Hudson’s notebook.</p><br>
<p>Ka-lo’ko-ko. Small flat opposite Squaw Rock. Trail to the west of the rock. The rock is avoided because of Bi-tsin’ ma-ca living there.</p><br>
<p>Bi-tsin’ ma-ca Ka-be’. (frog woman cliff) Squaw Rock. A bold headland near Pieta.</p><br>
<p>Bi-tsin’ ma-ca (frog woman) syn. (Ba-tak’ ma’ca) The white woman of beautiful face but body of a frog. Could jump a hundred feet and snatch a man who after administering to her pleasures was devoured. She had a den in the face of Squaw Rock.</p><br>
<p>Frog Woman is an important figure in Pomo traditional beliefs. She is generally portrayed as the clever and powerful wife of Coyote, the principal trickster character in many Pomo stories. In some of the stories, she is the mother of Obsidian Man. Frog Woman lived at the place that later became known as Squaw Rock. Pomo people avoided the rock for fear of being eaten by Frog Woman.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, as part of her doctoral dissertation, research linguist Victoria Patterson conducted ethnographic interviews with Frances Jack, one of the last fluent speakers of the Central Pomo language. Patterson documents that in the Central Pomo dialect “Squaw Rock” was called kawao maatha qhabe, Frog Woman Rock. Thus, there is cultural and ethnographic evidence from speakers of both the Northern Pomo and Central Pomo language that this location was, and still is, known by local Native Pomo as the dwelling of Frog Woman.</p><br>
<p>At present the term “squaw” is often held to be offensive by contemporary Native Americans. It originates from an eastern Algonquian morpheme-meaning woman. In some 19th and 20th-century texts the word is used or perceived as derogatory. One author, for example, referred to “the universal ‘squaw’ - squat, angular, pig-eyed, ragged, wretched, and insect-haunted” (Steele 1883). “Squaw” also appears to have sexual connotations, either as a description of the female genitalia (Sanders and Peek 1973) or in reference to the unjustly assumed sexual propensities of Native American women. Apart from the linguistic debate, the word “squaw” has become offensive to many modern-day Native Americans because of usage that demeans Native women, ranging from condescending images to racial epithets.</p><br>
<p>In summary, there is evidence of Pomo mythology that this place was inhabited by a supernatural frog woman. This is confirmed by ethnographic sources of both the Northern and Central Pomo peoples. The current usage of the term squaw equates with widely derogatory meanings, and therefore is offensive to modern Native Americans. In addition, the term squaw is an eastern Algonquian word, unknown to the local Pomo speakers of the Hokan language stock.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the State Office of Historic Preservation updated this California Historical Landmark by changing the formal designation to “Frog Woman Rock” as a way to honor and respect the cultural heritage of the Pomo peoples of this region.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Russian River drops at approximately 30 feet per mile near Frog Woman Rock. These rapids are popular for kayaks all year long, and may be suitable for rafting during winter and spring flows. Frog Woman Rock rapids are considered the most dangerous on the Russian River and unsuitable for canoes.</p><br>
<p>The larger rocks adjacent to the river offer V0 to V4 bouldering problems to climbers experienced with crumbly, dirty rock. Access usually requires wading through waist deep water, and is generally limited to low-flow periods from summer until the first major autumn rainfall.</p><br>
<p>Narbona Pass  is a pass through the natural break between the Tunicha and Chuska Mountains, an elongated range on the Colorado Plateau on the Navajo Nation.</p><br>
<p>A paved road, New Mexico Highway 134, crosses the range through Narbona Pass, connecting Sheep Springs to Crystal. Contrary to Navajo tradition of not naming monuments after people, the pass was given the name Narbona to celebrate his victory over an invading Mexican army that was sent to destroy the Navajo in 1835.</p><br>
<p>Known in the Navajo Language as So Sila (Twin Stars), the pass was lately named in English for Colonel John M. Washington in 1859. He was a New Mexico military governor who led an expedition into Navajo country in 1849 in which he was accused of walling up a Navajo Spring, and whose troops later shot Navajo leader Narbona.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 the pass gained its current name, which honors Narbona.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Narbona Pass comes from the Navajo chief Narbona to celebrate a his victory over a hostile Mexican invasion of traditional Navajo land.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Narbona Pass runs through the caldera of the long-extinct Narbona Pass volcano, which formed from violent explosive activity.</p><br>
<p>Before being eroded to their present condition, many of the Chuska-Shiprock volcanoes may have had similar explosive vent structures.</p><br>
<p>The basal deposits in the crater are 5 m to 20 m thick, composed of massive lapilli tuff or tuff breccia, overlaid by layers of different deposits</p><br>
<p>that indicate a series of explosive phases. These created a complex mix of sheets of volcanic ash overlaid by thick trachytic lava flows.</p><br>
<p>Three basalt magma flows occurred between 27.5 and 24.3 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The crater is around 2 mi across, with walls 700 ft high.</p><br>
<p>Chuska sandstone is exposed along the crest of the Chuska Mountains in the west of the Narbona Pass.</p><br>
<p>It is the remains of the Chuska erg, a windswept sand field from the Oligocene era, about 34 million to 23 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The erg is thought to have covered about 125,000 km&sup2; in the southeast Colorado Plateau, and was surrounded by volcanic fields of the same era.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone mostly came from the Precambrian basement of central Arizona, with uranium-lead dates peaking around 1700 million years ago and 1425 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone to the west was later eroded, with 1,500 m being lost in the basin, but remnants remain on the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>On 3 September 1849 the diarist of the Washington expedition said of the western entrance to the park, "I noticed towering pines and firs, also the oak, the aspen, and the willow; and bordering the stream there was a great variety of shrubbery, the hop vine, loaded with its fruit, being intertwined among them. Flowers of rich profusion and of every hue and delicacy, were also constantly before the eye–upwards of ninety varieties having been picked up since we entered the gorge yesterday. Indeed, we are all in hopes that, yesterday and today, we have been having an earnest of what we may yet behold in this part of the world–a rich, well-timbered and sufficiently well-watered country."</p><br>
<p>However, even in July, the temperature is cool, only reaching 70 &deg;F at noon.</p><br>
<p>Only two months of the year are free of frost.</p><br>
<p>In the winter, up to 50 in of snow may accumulate in drifts on north-facing slopes in the pass.</p><br>
<p>Writing in 1884 about a proposed sheep ranch, Thomas Keam said, "The mountain plain was very pleasant in summer, but entirely impracticable in winter, as it is one of the coldest places on the reservation. was told that it was one of the coldest places on the reservation... in winter... it is often covered with two feet of snow."</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>Narbona Pass Chert is finely textured and has regular breakage patterns that make it an excellent material for making stone tools and weapon heads by flintknapping.</p><br>
<p>The chert has a variety of colors including white, pale blue, dark gray and pink.</p><br>
<p>The Narbona Pass in the Chuska mountains holds the only known quarry for this pure, fine-grained and distinctive rock.</p><br>
<p>The chert was traded throughout what is now the Four Corners region, then inhabited by the ancient Pueblo Peoples,</p><br>
<p>often called Chaco people after their rock wall structures in Chaco Canyon to the east of Narbona Pass.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the buildings in the Chaco Canyon, there were great houses distributed across the lands of the Chaco people, some dating from the Chaco era (900–1150 AD) and others of more recent date. Exotic materials like Narbona Pass Chert are found much more often in the Chaco Canyon assemblages of stone tools than in those of the other great houses. In Chaco Canyon between 1020 AD and 1120 AD, the chert accounted for more than 20% of the material used for making stone tools, apparently imported in its raw form rather than as manufactured tools.</p><br>
<p>Narbona Pass chert is also present in Bluff Great House, Navajo Springs and Lake Valley from the Chaco period, but accounts for less than one part in a thousand of the total chipped stone. It is not found at all in Chimney Rock Pueblo or Raton Well. However, it is common in the assemblages of Crumbled House, on the lower slopes of the Chuska Mountains, which was occupied after the Chaco Canyon period.</p><br>
<p>In January 2009 researchers from the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center found a projectile point made of pink stone in Bluebird House, a small pueblo in the Goodman Point group of the Hovenweep National Monument, about 90 mi to the north of Narbona pass.</p><br>
<p>The material was identified as Narbona Pass Chert, a rare find for archaeological sites anywhere in the Mesa Verde region to the north of the San Juan River. Most likely the artifact was made during the period between 1000 AD and 1140 AD, when there was an extensive regional trading network centered on Chaco Canyon.</p><br>
<p>It was probably manufactured using a pressure flaking technique in Narbona Pass before being exported to Crow Canyon.</p><br>
<p>The Pueblo flintknapper would have used a long, pointed "soft-hammer" such as a deer antler.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Navajo people, Southern Athabaskan nomadic hunter-gatherers, arrived in the southwest around 1400 AD and settled in the mountains between the valleys occupied by the Pueblos. The Navajo became farmers, and then herders. Through raids, trade and intermarriage, the Navajo acquired many aspects of the Pueblo culture.</p><br>
<p>However, they remained warlike and in effect defined the northern limit to Spanish expansion.</p><br>
<p>The stronghold of the Canyon de Chelly, to the west of the Narbona Pass, became the sacred center of the Navajo people.</p><br>
<p>Narbona Pass was called Beesh Lichii&#39;ii Bigiizh, or Copper Pass, by the Navajo people.</p><br>
<p>The Navajo see the Chuska range as the body of a male god. Chuska peak is its head, Narbona Pass the neck, the Tunicha and Lukachukai ranges are the body and the Carrizo Mountains are the legs and feet.</p><br>
<p>During the early nineteenth century there were frequent Navajo raids into Mexican territory and attacks on traders using the Santa Fe Trail, and counter-raids by the Mexicans, often for the purpose of slavery.</p><br>
<p>In 1804 the Navajos made attacks on the Spanish military post at Cebolletta, and on nearby settlements.</p><br>
<p>They were trying to recover their grazing land at the foot of Mount Taylor, their sacred Turquoise Mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 1805 the Spanish Lt. Col. Antonio Narbona (no relative of the Navajo leader) crossed the Narbona Pass on a retaliatory expedition from Zuni Pueblo into Canyon de Chelly. The Narbona expedition killed more than 115 Navajo and took 33 women and children as slaves.</p><br>
<p>In February 1835 the Mexican Captain Blas de Hinojos left Santa Fe and headed west into Navajo country with a force of almost 1,000 Mexican troops on a slaving expedition. On 28 February 1835, Hinojo&#39;s force entered the pass.</p><br>
<p>The Navajo headman Narbona had heard of Hinojos&#39;s advance, knew he had to come through the pass to reach the Canyon de Chelly, and had carefully prepared an ambush by about 250 warriors.</p><br>
<p>Narbona held back his forces, who were hidden on both sides of the defile. He told them that when the time was right, and not before, they would cut the long file of men into small pieces, like cutting a long tree trunk into firewood.</p><br>
<p>When the owl hoot signal was given, the Navajos poured arrows into the column, those who had guns fired, and some threw stones or rolled rocks into the gorge. Taken completely by surprise, both men and horses panicked and were routed.</p><br>
<p>Many of the Mexicans were killed, including their leader. It is said that the bones of some of those killed in the battle may still be found in the pass, as can some of the wooden ladders that the Navajos used to climb up the Standing Rocks where they hid before the ambush.</p><br>
<p>In 1849, shortly after the United States had taken control of New Mexico from the Mexicans, Colonel John M. Washington led a strong force of soldiers and volunteers west into Navajo country. They were met by Navajo envoys who said they were willing to discuss peace, and then encountered the main Navajo forces.</p><br>
<p>The Navajos, led by Narbona and José Largo, brought gifts that included many sheep and horses.</p><br>
<p>After the talks, one of the Navajos was accused of stealing a horse from a Mexican who was accompanying the troops.</p><br>
<p>When the Navajos made to leave, Washington&#39;s troops shot six of them as they fled, including Narbona.</p><br>
<p>The 82-year-old Narbona, with his long white hair, was scalped by a USA militiaman.</p><br>
<p>The expedition moved on through the pass, which they named "Washington Pass" in honor of their leader.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>In 1864 Colonel Kit Carson began a scorched earth policy with his 1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, destroying the Navajo herds and crops, followed by an invasion of Canyon de Chelly. Eight thousand Navajos were forced to walk to Fort Sumner in the east of New Mexico in 1866, where they were expected to take up farming. Many died on the march or later from smallpox. The survivors were allowed to return in 1868, and were assigned reservation lands that covered 11,500,000 acre by 1886.</p><br>
<p>The first known trader in the Washington Pass was Romulo Martinez, a Spanish-American from Fort Defiance, in 1873.</p><br>
<p>On 31 March 1877 Perry H. Williams was licensed to trade at Washington Pass.</p><br>
<p>Ben Hyatt traded there from 1882 to 1884, and Stephen Aldrich and Elias Clark traded for one season in 1884.</p><br>
<p>The names of other traders are recorded for the following years, but they seem all to have been temporary, trading from tents in the summer season.</p><br>
<p>In 1896 John Bradford Moore arrived, an Irishman from Sheridan, Wyoming who had no problem with the climate. He bought the trading site, then cut timber in the mountains and hauled it down to build a log trading post, which he stocked with supplies carted from the rail head in Gallup. His post was in the western entrance to the pass.</p><br>
<p>He named it the Crystal Trading Post. During the winter months, he employed Navajo weavers to make rugs. Moore ensured that the wool and the weaving was good quality, and created designs of his own, quickly gaining a reputation as a source of good quality rugs.</p><br>
<p>Moore&#39;s business flourished, and in 1903 and in 1911 he published mail-order catalogs, drawing business from across the United States.</p><br>
<p>Moore understood what the market in the eastern United States would value, and in his catalog stressed the use of natural materials and primitive technology. Nevertheless he introduced production-line techniques, and had no problem with using machine-produced yarns with synthetic dyes.</p><br>
<p>Traders in Navajo rugs had to keep costs down to be able to offer competitive prices, therefore wages were low. Talking of the weaver&#39;s life, Moore said, "there is no more dismal wage proposition than her remuneration for her part in the industry. Given any other paying outlet for her labor, there would very soon be no such thing as a blanket industry... it is her one and only way of earning money."</p><br>
<p>Moore was succeeded by A. J. Molohon, who continued to introduce complex non-Navajo styles that probably drew on Oriental rug designs.</p><br>
<p>The Crystal Trading Post was owned by the C.C. Manning company from 1919 to 1922. Later Charlie Newcomb and then Jim Collyer owned the post.</p><br>
<p>Until the 1930s the Crystal rugs were bordered, with a central design woven in natural colors, sometimes with some red.</p><br>
<p>After this, the style changed to banded rugs with distinctive "wavy" lines made by alternating weft strands in two or three different colors. A typical new-style Crystal rug will alternate groups of two or three wavy or solid lines with broader bands decorated with patterns representing squash blossoms or geometrical motifs. The newer rugs are woven in muted colors such as rust, rich brown and grey, but may include pastel colors.</p><br>
<p>In 1944 Don Jensen bought the post, holding it until 1981. Apparently Jenson developed the current Crystal rug.</p><br>
<p>The Navajo gradually became more prosperous and more autonomous, although there were periodic problems such as crises of overgrazing. In the 1950s development of coal, oil and uranium brought money into the Navajo community along with social problems and pollution.</p><br>
<p>Most Navajos forgot about the past events and assumed the pass was named after George Washington, or perhaps Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1990 students of the Navajo Community College in Shiprock learned the true history, became indignant about having an enemy of the Navajos commemorated in the name of an important location on the Navajo Nation, and started a campaign to change the name to "Narbona Pass". They gained widespread support. On 10 December 1992 the United States Board on Geographic Names voted unanimously in favor of the change, perhaps the first time that Native Americans initiated a place name commemorating a Native American. Narbona Pass is also one of the few Native American sites to be named after the victim in a dispute.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The 33rd Annual Narbona Pass Classic, formerly the Washington Pass Classic, was held on 1 July 2012.</p><br>
<p>There were three events: a non-competitive 5 km fitness walk, a 5 km run and a 10 km run.</p><br>
<p>The 10 km race, among the top 100 races over this distance in the United States, is held every year on the 4th of July weekend. In 2000, almost all of the 400 or more competitors in the very demanding race were local, supported by their family and friends with a relaxed outdoor barbecue environment around the finish line.</p><br>
<p>Running is part of the Navajo culture, although perhaps because that culture also de-emphasizes competition there are relatively few Navajo runners at the elite levels of the sport.</p><br>
<p>The Narbona Pass Classic race is challenging, through difficult forest terrain.</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Kipruto, a former Diné College runner from Kenya, set a record for the 10 km race in 2009 with a time of 34:07.</p><br>
<p>The winner in 2011 was Jackson Thomas of Naschitti with a time of 39:43.</p><br>
<p>That year three of the competitors in the 5 km race were women in their seventies.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 Kipruto won again with a time of 34:36 followed by Jackson Thomas with a time of 39:40.</p><br>
<p>There is a relatively easy cross-country ski trail in the crater from the road to Todacheene Lake.</p><br>
<p>It is about 3 mi long with a vertical gain of 200 ft.</p><br>
<p>The road up to and through the pass is also used for biking. With an out-and-back length of 36 mi, starting at 5,900 ft and rising to 8,700 ft at the top of the pass, the rider must be in good physical shape. Part of the reward is the spectacular panoramic views.</p><br>
<p>There is an unserviced campground in the pass. A fee is payable, and campfires are allowed.</p><br>
<p>Fort Dufferin was a Canadian government post in southern Manitoba near the Canada–United States border at Emerson. The fort was used during the 1870s as a base for the North American Boundary Commission and the North-West Mounted Police , and as an immigration station.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Dufferin was constructed in 1872 on a site approximately three kilometres north of the Canada-USA border, along the west bank of the Red River. It was originally used as a base for the Canadian-British contingent of the North American Boundary Commission, which was tasked with surveying the international border along the 49th parallel north, as agreed upon by the British and American governments in the Treaty of 1818.</p><br>
<p>After the Commission&#39;s surveyors moved west, the fort was used by the North-West Mounted Police as an assembly point prior to their March West in 1874. Members of the force arrived at Fort Dufferin, coming from the east through the United States, marking the only time the entire force was ever assembled at one place. On July 8, 1874, the NWMP moved out and began their journey west to bring law and order to the North-West Territories. The NWMP also used Fort Dufferin as its Manitoba headquarters, before moving it to Winnipeg in 1875.</p><br>
<p>From 1875 to 1879, the Canadian government used Fort Dufferin as an immigration station for steamboats entering the country along the Red River and as a quarantine station for livestock. With the completion of the international rail line on the east side of the river at Emerson in 1878, steamboat traffic on the river ceased and the immigration station at Fort Dufferin was no longer needed. In 1879, the fort was abandoned and the Canadian government sold the property.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Site</h2><br>
<p>Fort Dufferin was designated a National Historic Site in 1937 and is open to the public during the summer. A cairn and plaque mark the historic site and some of the buildings, though badly deteriorated, still stand. Ongoing preservation efforts are being carried out by several groups, including local residents, the Canadian government, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Veteran&#39;s Association.</p><br>
<p>Bradys Bend Iron Company Furnaces  is a set of historic blast furnaces and rolling mill located in Bradys Bend Township, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. The furnaces are constructed of stone, with the first blown into production in 1840. A second furnace was added in 1845. They were hot blast furnaces powered by a 250-horsepower steam engine. The rolling mill was also powered by a 250-horsepower steam engine and went into production in January 1842. The furnaces and mill were established by the Great Western Iron Works in August 1839, and is considered by some the "Pittsburgh of the Middle 1800s" and "Cradle of the Iron and Steel Industry in America." It was known as the Brady&#39;s Bend Iron Company after 1844. The company was credited with manufacturing the first T-rails west of the Allegheny Mountains. The works closed in 1873.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 5 is a historic lock and dam complex located at Gilpin Township and South Buffalo Township in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. It was built between 1920 and 1927 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and consists of the lock, dam, esplanade, and Operations Building. The lock measures 56 feet by 360 feet, and has a lift of 11.6 feet. The dam measures approximately 22 feet high and 632 feet long. The Operations Building, or powerhouse, is a utilitarian two-story building in a vernacular Moderne style. The lock and dam were built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as a part of an extensive system of locks and dams to improve navigation along the Allegheny River.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 6 is a historic lock and dam complex located at Bethel Township and South Buffalo Township in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. It was built between 1927 and 1928 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and consists of the lock, dam, esplanade, Operations Building, and two locktenders houses. The lock measures 56 feet by 360 feet, and has a lift of 12.4 feet. The dam measures approximately 20 feet high and 992 feet long. The Operations Building, or powerhouse, is a utilitarian two-story building in a vernacular early-20th century revival style. The locktenders houses are identical two-story, brick dwellings on concrete foundations. The lock and dam were built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as a part of an extensive system of locks and dams to improve navigation along the Allegheny River.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Grand is a Non-Profit performing arts center on Main Street  in Ellsworth, Maine). Built in 1938, it is a significant local example of Art Deco architecture, with a prominent marquee and a stepped steel-and-glass tower. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>An arsonist destroyed much of the Ellsworth business district in 1933, apparently starting a fire the citys first movie theatre, the 1933 Bijou. The Grand was built in 1938 as part of the recovery effort. It was designed by Boston architects Krokyn & Brown, and is a single-story brick building which includes five storefront spaces and a rear two-story auditorium, designed for showing movies, with an original capacity of 730 patrons. The storefronts are each three bays wide, and are separated from one another by brick piers. Four of the five have recessed center entrances flanked by plate glass windows; the fourth, which has been joined to an adjacent unit, has three plate glass windows. The store fronts (two to the left of the theatre entrance, three to the right) are unified under patterned brick lintels. Due to the sloping terrain, the three leftmost fronts are at a higher elevation than those to the right. The theatre entrance has flanking sections of polished granite and black Vitrolite glass which house display cases for playbills, set on either side of a recessed entrance area consisting of a pair of doorways on either side of a ticket booth. The full width of the front is sheltered by a marquee with Art Deco styling, topped by the theatres name in large stylized lettering. Behind the marquee rises a stepped Art Deco tower, consisting of stepped sections of black and red Vitrolite glass, with horizontal bands of stainless steel trim and a central wide vertical band of stainless steel.</p><br>
<p>The entrance opens into a large lobby area housing concession stands, and giving access to restroom facilities and the auditorium beyond. The acoustic ceiling tiles are arranged in patterns echoing those on the exterior of the building, and there is gold-painted Art Deco trim accenting the walls. On the south side of the lobby is the ornamented entry to a room that was originally used as a smoking chamber. The gold Art Deco trim is continued into the auditorium space.</p><br>
<p>The Grand served as a movie theatre from 1938 to 1962. The theatre was purchased by a nonprofit in 1975 and was reopened for a benefit performance that year. It has since served as a performance hall for theatre, concerts, and Met Opera HD broadcasts, among other events. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, citing its locally distinctive architecture, and its long-running role as a major entertainment venue in the region.</p><br>
<p>Its capacity was reduced by renovations after the 1975 purchase to 480 to provide space for a stage.</p><br>
<p>Vanguard Cave is a natural sea cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar which is part of the Gorham&#39;s Cave complex. This complex of four caves has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site status in 2016. The cave complex is one of the last known habitations of the Neanderthals, with a period of inhabitation from 55,000 to 28,000 years ago. It is located on the southeast face of the Rock of Gibraltar.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Vanguard Cave is one of four caves which together make up the Gorhams Cave complex which has been nominated to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the others being Bennetts, Gorhams, and Hyaena Cave. Vanguard is a 35 m high cave which contains 1.7 m of deposits. These deposits have been blown into the cave over time and are mixed in with archaeological evidence. These can be excavated and analysed to reveal how the geography and life has changed during the time that they were deposited. Vanguard was first excavated in 1989, and lies just a few metres north of Gorhams Cave, which was excavated in 1951.</p><br>
<h2>Neanderthal inhabitation</h2><br>
<p>In 2008 it was revealed that the cave supplied evidence that Homo neanderthalensis had a more varied diet than previously thought. The diet of H. neanderthalensis is now thought to have included fish and molluscs and marine animals like monk seal and dolphin. Lower sea levels may have also assisted ancient man by revealing islands between Gibraltar and the North African coast. This may have made the now 14 km wide Strait of Gibraltar easier to cross and there are similar Mousterian sites in Morocco at Grottes des Pigeons and Jebel Irhoud.</p><br>
<p>The evidence does not just consist of a few bones. Researchers have been able to establish that the people there selected, collected and transported mussels to the cave. The cave contains a hearth, and H. neanderthalensis left evidence of burning which could be used to open the shells. H. neanderthalensis lived there for a short time but evidence shows that they were knapping stones as they ate the molluscs. Carcasses of seals were brought to the cave and comparison with H. neanderthalensis sites at Capellades in Catalonia indicate that after being hunted they were butchered in the cave. The stains on monk seal, ibex, and red deer bones support this theory. The list of animals eaten in Vanguard include bream, dolphins, sea urchins, and bluefin tuna.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in the middle part of the cave revealed a hearth that was used through at least three successive periods by H. neanderthalensis, with another ash layer containing a hearth, marine shells and stone tools in the upper part of the cave marking a shorter period of occupation.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology today</h2><br>
<p>Vanguard Cave is a site of continuing archaeological interest. There was a long investigation in August 2012 which involved an international team brought to Gibraltar. The team spent three weeks excavating at Gorham&#39;s cave and three weeks at Vanguard.</p><br>
<p>Tell Ain el Meten is a tell in the area of El Meten in the Rashaya District, south-eastern portion of the Bekaa Governorate of the Republic of Lebanon. It is located opposite the village of Sawiri.</p><br>
<p>A Heavy Neolithic archaeological site of the Qaraoun culture was discovered by Peter Wescombe and J. King in 1966 along a track 200 m north of the Ain el Meten spring and about 300 m west of the road. The tell is cone shaped and composed of rubble stones and grey soil. Imported brown worked flint tools were found along with others made from Nummulitic, Eocene flint in the fields on the lower slopes. Another type of brittle and drab-coloured flint found in the area was unsuitable for toolmaking. The material was determined to be of Heavy Neolithic or possibly earlier Paleolithic origins.</p><br>
<p>Pottery was also found suggested to date to the Early Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age. This was evidenced by sherds with flat bases, grey or cream burnishing. The grey burnished sherds were equated to the Syrian bottle type. Various other sherds were found with finger impressed rims, to which could not be assigned a definite date. A handle from the Cypriot II stage was also found along with traces of occupation in the Late Iron Age and Islamic periods.</p><br>
<p>The site was largely intact in 1966 with terracing for fruit trees in the area and a rocky crest of the tell, which had been ploughed.</p><br>
<p>Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 7 is a historic lock and dam complex located at East Franklin Township, Pennsylvania and Kittanning in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. It was built between 1928 and 1930 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and consists of the lock, dam, esplanade, and Operations Building. The lock measures 56 feet by 360 feet, and has a lift of 13.0 feet. The dam measures approximately 20 feet high and 916 feet long. The Operations Building, or powerhouse, is a utilitarian two-story building in a vernacular early-20th century revival style. The lock and dam were built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as a part of an extensive system of locks and dams to improve navigation along the Allegheny River.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 8 is a historic lock and dam complex located at Boggs Township and Washington Township in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. It was built between 1929 and 1931 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and consists of the lock, dam, esplanade, and Operations Building. The lock measures 56 feet by 360 feet, and has a lift of 17.8 feet. The dam measures approximately 50 feet high and 916 feet long; a three-foot addition was built on top of the dam in 1937. The Operations Building, or powerhouse, is a utilitarian two-story building in a vernacular early-20th century revival style. The lock and dam were built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as a part of an extensive system of locks and dams to improve navigation along the Allegheny River.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Allegheny River Lock and Dam No. 9 is a historic lock and dam complex located at Madison Township and Washington Township in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. It was built between 1935 and 1938 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and includes the lock, dam, steel miter gates, and Operations Building. The lock measures 56 feet by 360 feet, and has a lift of 22 feet. The dam measures approximately 60 feet high and 918 feet long. The Operations Building, or powerhouse, is a utilitarian two-story building in a vernacular early-20th century revival style. The lock and dam were built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as a part of an extensive system of locks and dams to improve navigation along the Allegheny River.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Morrill Hall, on the campus of Iowa State University, is a historic building that now houses the Christian Petersen Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was named for Justin Smith Morrill, who created the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act. Construction was completed in 1891 with less than $30,000. Morrill Hall was originally constructed to fill the capacity of a library, museum, and chapel. These original uses are engraved in the exterior stonework on the east side.</p><br>
<p>It was vacated starting in 1996 when it was determined unsafe. Also in 1996, Morrill Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2005, $9 million was raised to renovate the building and convert it into a museum. Morill Hall has reopened as of March 2007, including the new Christian Petersen Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building has 27,172 square feet.</p><br>
<p>Chimneys at the four corners are designed to provide draft for natural ventilation, unlike most chimneys (which exhaust products of burning).</p><br>
<p>Peter Spicker House is a historic home located at Stouchsburg, Marion Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. It is a native limestone dwelling with first section was built about 1740, with the central portion added about 1750, and the eastern section about 1800. It is reflective of the transition from the Germanic to the Georgian style. The oldest section is 1 1/2 stories, three bays wide. The central section is 2 1/2 stories and also three bays wide, with a gable and pent roof. The eastern section is also 2 1/2 stories, six bays wide, with a gable roof. Also on the property is a late-18th century, stone Pennsylvania German bank barn.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is located in the Stouchsburg Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Hollister Carnegie Library  is located on 375 Fifth Street in Hollister, California, US. Established in 1912 as a Carnegie library, decades later, it was re-purposed as a city hall. The building is part of the downtown&#39;s National Register-listed historic district, and was entered itself into the National Register on March 26, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The citys public library, established in 1884, transitioned into the Hollister Library Association, the Mechanics Library Association, and the Womans Christian Temperance Union reading room. Though the library underwent an expansion after moving into a house on Fifth Street in the early 20th century, it was considered to be too small for the community. In 1960, the Holister library and the San Benito County library consolidated, moving into a new building at 470 Fifth Street, while the Carnegie building was re-purposed as a city hall.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and fittings</h2><br>
<p>Set back from the street, the slightly raised site contains a retaining wall, lawn, garden area, walkway, and brick path.</p><br>
<p>The one story building with basement was designed in the Type A Classical Revival style. Its particular classicism architecture style was characterized as being unusually inhibited. A rear expansion occurred in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Mansehra Rock Edicts are fourteen edicts of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, inscribed on rocks in Mansehra in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The edicts are cut into three boulders and date back to 3rd century BC and they are written in the ancient Indic script of Gandhara culture, Kharosthi. The edicts mention aspects of Ashoka’s dharma. The site was submitted for inclusion in the World Heritage Sites and is currently in the tentative list.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The edicts are inscribed on an outcrop of a small rocky mountain outside the city of Mansehra in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The site is located near to the Karakoram Highway on the ancient Silk Route. The archeological city of Taxila is located in south and Abbottabad lies very near to the east of the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ashoka was dismayed by the destruction caused by his military during the conquest of Kalingas and in remorse later converted to Buddhism. Following his conversion, Ashoka visited sacred Buddhist locations throughout the Mauryan Empire and erected multiple pillars bearing his inscriptions of a new morality law. Mansehra Rock Edicts are one of the 33 inscriptions of Edicts of Ashoka describing expansion of Buddhism and his Law of Piety or dharma.</p><br>
<p>The fourteen edicts contain text in the Kharosthi script which is an ancient script used in the Gandhara. The Kharoṣṭhi script was first deciphered by James Prinsep after which the Edicts of Ashoka in Kharosthi script were translated.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Due to environmental degradation, the rocks are eroding and the script is fading rendering it unreadable. To protect the site, Department of Archeology and Museum, Pakistan provided canopies to cover the rocks and shelter them from weather conditions.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Site</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, the site was submitted for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites by Department of Archaeology and Museums, Pakistan. It was submitted in the Cultural criteria ii, iii, and vi. As of 2012, the site is one of the 1542 entries in the tentative list of the heritage sites.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. John H. Adair House at 322 East Vine Street in Owatonna, Minnesota, United States, was built in 1913. It was designed by architects Purcell, Feick & Elmslie in Prairie School architecture. It is an American four-square house.</p><br>
<p>Dr. John H. Adair was introduced to Purcell and Elmslie by Charles Buxton, whose own Purcell and Elmslie-designed house was a few blocks away. The original proposal was for one of their traditional low-slung houses, but Adair found the proposed house to be too expensive. Purcell decided to raise the roof, later saying, "One can always see how I was always yearning for buildings with tall steep roofs and turned to that form whenever the occasion offered." The house has some resemblance to the Edward R. Hills House designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, with three stories, stepped-back hipped roofs, and bedrooms in the attic. The interior features generously-sized rooms with built-in furnishing, art glass, and decorations in Elmslies diamond motif. The fireplace has a semicircular opening with blue and gold glass mosaic accents, inspired by the National Farmers Bank of Owatonna nearby.</p><br>
<p>Palmeira Square is a mid-19th-century residential development in Hove, part of the English city and seaside resort of Brighton and Hove. At the southern end it adjoins Adelaide Crescent, another architectural set-piece which leads down to the seafront; large terraced houses occupy its west and east sides, separated by a public garden; and at the north end is one of Hove&#39;s main road junctions. This is also called Palmeira Square, and its north side is lined with late 19th-century terraced mansions. Commercial buildings and a church also stand on the main road, which is served by many buses .</p><br>
<p>The land was originally occupied by "the worlds largest conservatory", the Anthaeum—a visitor attraction planned by botanist, author and building promoter Henry Phillips. The giant domes collapse and total destruction on the day it was due to open in 1833 made Phillips go blind from shock, and the debris occupied the site for many years. Work began in the early 1850s and was largely complete in the mid-1860s, although commercial and residential buildings such as Palmeira House and Gwydyr Mansions continued to be added at the northern end throughout the late 19th century. English Heritage has listed the residential buildings on the western, eastern and northern sides of the square at Grade II for their architectural and historical importance, although one building has the higher Grade II* status because of its opulent custom-designed interior.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient parish of Hove covered 778 acre of good agricultural land on the southern slopes of the South Downs, leading down to the English Channel. There was Celtic and Roman occupation of the area, and a Bronze Age barrow was found close to Palmeira Square&#39;s northern end when the land was being developed. Inside was a wooden coffin, a stone axe, a bronze dagger and the Hove amber cup, a relic of national significance now held at the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery. Some estimates dated the barrow as early as 1500 BC, but radiocarbon dating indicates the burial took place in about 1239 BC.</p><br>
<p>One of the main farms was Wick Farm, The first post-Norman Conquest landowners were the de Pierpoints; in 1573 the estate was bought by the Stapley family, of which Anthony Stapley became famous as one of the regicides of King Charles I. In 1701 it was acquired by the Scutt family from Brighton. Western Road and its continuation Church Road, the earliest east–west route through Hove, bisected the estate.</p><br>
<p>On the land was a chalybeate spring, later called St Anns Well, which became a popular visitor attraction by the mid-18th century. In the early 19th century, its fashionable reputation increased as neighbouring Brighton began to grow rapidly as a high-class seaside resort. Following the lead of Queen Adelaide, who would ride to St Anns Well to visit the spa and take the waters,</p><br>
<p>Rev. Thomas Scutt, who owned the Wick Estate land by the 1820s, started to sell plots of land to "capitalis on the insatiable demand for building land along the seafront". Brunswick Town was the first result of this, and when Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet bought the rest of the land (over 216 acre) in 1830 he continued Hoves residential expansion by commissioning Decimus Burton to design Adelaide Crescent and by agreeing to fund the construction of "the worlds largest dome" at its northern end. The ostentatious Anthaeum, proposed by botanist and horticultural writer Henry Phillips and designed by prominent local architect Amon Henry Wilds, was to have been a vast circular conservatory containing exotic plants and trees. It was built between 1832 and 1833 but collapsed spectacularly the day before its scheduled opening date, making Phillips go blind from shock and apparently distressing Goldsmid so much that he abandoned any further plans for development of his land for 20 years—during which time the wrecked glass and iron structure lay where it fell at the north end of the incomplete Adelaide Crescent.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1850s, Goldsmid (who had been given the title Baron de Goldsmid e de Palmeira by the Queen of Portugal in 1845) decided to restart development at Adelaide Crescent. He abandoned the original plan for a horseshoe-shape plan and in 1851 commissioned an unknown architect to extend it northwards into a bottle shape, north of which (on the site of the Anthaeum) would be a new residential square: Palmeira Square. The remains of the Anthaeum were cleared in the early 1850s (or possibly as late as 1855), and work began.</p><br>
<p>Houses on the west side of the square, close to the western boundary of the Wick Estate land, "the transition from crescent into square is most elegantly handled in a double curve". It took several years for the houses to be occupied. Numbers 33 and 34 on the west side were the first to be taken, in 1859, and by 1866 none of the 17 houses on that side were empty. The first house on the east side was let in 1864, and it took ten years for the whole square to be occupied.</p><br>
<p>An Anglican church to serve the area was provided in 1854. St John the Baptist&#39;s Church, a flint-built Decorated Gothic Revival building with a landmark spire, was designed by William and Edward Habershon. Work began in 1852, and the site (at the northwest corner of Palmeira Square, where it joined Church Road) "compels traffic to take an abrupt turn before proceeding westward". It may have been built there to block attempts to build a road north from the Palmeira Square area into the mostly undeveloped land to the north which later became the Cliftonville area of Hove. In keeping with the high-class surroundings, the church was "for many years one of the most fashionable" in either Brighton or Hove.</p><br>
<p>The houses of Palmeira Square were separated from Church Road by a private road which ran parallel (east–west) to the main road, creating a second square of open space. Only residents of Palmeira Square and Adelaide Crescent could gain entry to it; there was a chain across each entrance and a watchman controlled admission. Church Road itself was laid out as a thoroughfare in 1851; until then it had been a footpath. In the same year, an Act of Parliament (the Brunswick Square Improvement Extension Act) was passed to bring Palmeira Square and nearby developments into the jurisdiction of the Brunswick Square Commissioners. Had this Act not been passed, the square would have been governed solely by "the rather nebulous authority of the Parish officials of Hove". One consequence was that Sir Francis Goldsmid (who inherited his father Sir Isaac&#39;s estate on 1859) was able to delegate responsibility for the maintenance of the Palmeira Square Enclosure (the garden between the west and east sides) to the Brunswick Square Commissioners from April 1865. Previously Goldsmid himself had to employ and pay a gardener.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the Hove Commissioners (who now had civic responsibility for the square) tried to make the private road north of the square a public thoroughfare by removing the barriers. Objections from the residents delayed this plan for several years, but the road did eventually open to the public. Accordingly, the land to the north was now considered part of the Palmeira Square area, and the development as a whole consists of two garden squares. The first is the original development bounded to the south by Adelaide Crescent, to the north by the former private road which is now a widened continuation of Western Road and to the west by the 34 houses of the square. The second is the lawned section formed by the junction between the extension of Western Road, Church Road and the connections between them, and all the surrounding buildings of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>On 2 June 1953—the day of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II—a floral clock commemorating the event was unveiled in the centre of the Palmeira Mansions Enclosures. Hove Councils Director of Parks and Cemeteries, G.A. Hyland, was the designer. Its slightly raised circular design may be a reference to the nearby Bronze Age barrow, which was destroyed by building work at the north end of the square in 1857. It was the only one on the Sussex coast and was larger than examples found on the South Downs. (The centre of the site is at 50.8275&deg; latitude, -0.1637&deg; longitude, about 100 yd north-northeast of St John the Baptists Church). The clock had a double face—the first floral clock in the world to have this feature—each with a diameter of 9 ft. Clockmakers James Richie & Son, who had designed a floral clock in Edinburgh, provided the mechanism. About 35,000 flowers were initially planted, and special temporary floral designs were sometimes put in—for example, to commemorate Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.s Football League Third Division South title win in 1958, the Queens Silver Jubilee of 1977 and the Brighton and Hove in Bloom competition in 1998. Vandalism has been a recurrent problem since the 1980s, though.</p><br>
<p>According to a watercolour by an unknown artist (Adelaide Crescent and Palmeira Square, 1895) which was sold at auction in 2002, five tennis courts were intended for the Palmeira Square Enclosures. No work towards these plans was ever carried out.</p><br>
<p>Written in the original deeds to each house was a requirement that the exterior of the building and its attached railings and doors had to be painted every three years. This was updated in 1892 to state that "three coats of best oil paint" in a pale stone colour had to be used. Observance of this rule lapsed over time until Hove Council reinforced it in the 1970s—stating that magnolia paint had to be used. Other stipulations added at various times included the maximum number of flats each house could be converted into and a prohibition of drying laundry where it could be seen from outside. Many houses have been converted into flats, including numbers 2–5 (in 1919), 7 (1922), 8 (1921), 10 and 11 (1927), 20 (1932) and 30–34 (1904–10).</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Palmeira Square is a key destination for the city&#39;s buses: many serve it en route to other destinations, and the high-frequency route 25 terminates there. The following routes, all operated by the Brighton & Hove bus company, stop at Palmeira Square:</p><br>
<p>1/1A (Mile Oak–Whitehawk)</p><br>
<p>2/2A (Shoreham-by-Sea/Steyning–Rottingdean)</p><br>
<p>5/5A/5B (Hangleton–Patcham/University of Sussex)</p><br>
<p>6 (Downs Park–Brighton railway station)</p><br>
<p>20X (Steyning–Old Steine)</p><br>
<p>25 (Palmeira Square–University of Sussex)</p><br>
<p>46 (Southwick–Hollingbury)</p><br>
<p>49 (Portslade railway station–East Moulsecoomb)</p><br>
<p>21/21A (Goldstone Valley/Sussex County Cricket Ground–Open Market/Meadowview)</p><br>
<p>The Coastliner 700 service from Brighton to Southsea, operated by Stagecoach South, also serves the square.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>Literary journalist Miron Grindea had a flat in number 1 Palmeira Square during the 1970s. Number 2 was home to Sir Isaac Goldsmids daughter in the late 19th century. Lawyer and writer H. S. Cunningham lived at number 3, and Sir Julian Goldsmid, 3rd Baronet lived next door at number 4; he died there in 1896. Architect John C.L. Iredel, a member of the Chichester Diocesan Panel of Architects who designed the former Emmanuel Church in Worthing in 1975–76 and restored Buxted parish church six years earlier, lived at number 8 and died there in 1990. On the east side of the square, Henry dAvigdor-Goldsmid lived at number 18 during the 1950s. Lord George Montacute Nevill (son of William Nevill, 1st Marquess of Abergavenny) and his wife Florence owned number 22; he died there in 1920. Next door at number 23, William FitzClarence, 2nd Earl of Munster lived with his wife Wilhelmina Kennedy-Erskine. They were still living there at the time of their deaths in 1901 and 1906 respectively. Other residents of the square at various times have included diplomat and author Shane Leslie and Peter Birkett, who designed boats in which Richard Branson won transatlantic races in 1986 and 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage</h2><br>
<p>The east and west sides of Palmeira Square have been listed separately at Grade II by English Heritage, and Palmeira Mansions at the north side of the square has also been listed at this grade under two separate listings. Grade II status is awarded to "nationally important" buildings of "special interest". As of February 2001 there were 1,124 such buildings in the city. The east side (numbers 1–17) and west side (numbers 18–30) were listed on 10 September 1971. Numbers 7–19 Church Road (Rochester Mansions, Palmeira Mansions and Palmeira Avenue Mansions) and 21–31 Church Road (the other sections of Palmeira Avenue Mansions and Palmeira Mansions) were listed on 4 February 1981. Number 33 Palmeira Mansions was listed at the higher Grade II* on 18 July 1978; such buildings are defined as "particularly important of more than special interest". There were 70 Grade II*-listed buildings in the city of Brighton and Hove as of February 2001.</p><br>
<p>Palmeira Square forms part of the 95.92 acre Brunswick Town Conservation Area, one of 34 conservation areas in the city of Brighton and Hove. This area was designated by the council in 1969. Brighton & Hove City Councils report on the areas character states that Palmeira Square contributes to "one of the finest examples of Regency and early Victorian planning and architecture in the country".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>The square</h3><br>
<p>Architecturally, Palmeira Square is "quite different from Adelaide Crescent or Brunswick Square... when Victorian architecture was out of fashion, condemned as being heavily Italianate". it developed as a natural evolution of the style of neighbouring Adelaide Crescent. Begun as a Regency-style set-piece, this developed in a Neo-Renaissance direction, Palmeira Mansions, completed nearly 30 years after work started on the square, were designed in the same style and contribute to the square as a single composition, "continuing its... grandeur and scale". Palmeira Squares style, marking the transition from Regency into Victorian Italianate, has been likened to the terraces around Londons Hyde Park that were built at the same time. Architectural historians Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in the 1960s, stated that this gave the square "architectural interest" but "little architectural merit", though. Another author, comparing the houses with those of Adelaide Crescent, wrote of "an undisguised Victorianism of a vigorous and healthy, but nevertheless decidedly inferior, quality".</p><br>
<p>The 17 houses of the west side form a long, straight terrace of five storeys. Under their stucco façades is brick, rubble Each house has three windows to each storey (either blocked or containing a sash window, and pilasters and quoins between some of the neighbouring buildings mark the terrace out into a symmetrical five-part composition which has been described as either 2–4–5–4–2 or 2–5–3–5–2. The top storey is in the form of an attic, and the treatment of the windows is different: they are on a moulded cornice, and some are arched. On the floor below, the windows are surrounded by Vitruvian scroll patterns, and at the storey below that they are flanked by pilasters which hold up an entablature and small pediment. A cast iron balcony surrounds the first-floor bay windows and is supported by the top of the Doric-columned entrance porch, which has a stuccoed balustrade. According to one writer, "the heavy emphasis of porches give the square an air of respectable solidity"—as do the heavy doors with their recessed panels, moulded ornamentation and decorative fanlights. Original interior fittings include a large "Jacobean-cum-Baroque" chimneypiece in the hall of number 32.</p><br>
<p>The terrace on the east side is identical, again having 17 five-storey houses with hipped slate roofs hidden behind parapets, three-window ranges with sash windows and heavy Doric porches. As on the west side, the house in the centre projects slightly from the terrace and has a larger square bay window rising through the first and second floors, forming a loggia which is supported on a colonnaded porch with rustication.</p><br>
<p>H.J. Lanchester&#39;s Palmeira Mansions are Italianate in style, like the houses of the square. Some are stuccoed, but others have been painted. The walls are of brick and the roofs have slate tiles. The outermost houses (7, 19 and 21) have entrances set in their side elevations. Each house is five storeys including an attic storey, which has dormer windows added in the 20th century. Each house has a three-window range, and the centremost building is topped by a curved gable. That at numbers 7-19 has a heraldic emblem, possibly that of Sir Isaac Goldsmid, in its tympanum. The outermost buildings have full-height canted bays. Each storey is separated by a string-course across the full width of the building. The first-floor windows are arched and set forward slightly below an entablature and a central pediment. Straight-headed windows on the floor above are embellished with scrollwork, individual pediments and a bracketed entablature. At third-floor level, slightly round-headed windows are set in square recesses. At first-floor level, a cast iron balcony runs across the width of the building; it is supported by the Doric-columned porches in front of each entrance.</p><br>
<p>Number 33, the other end of the western section of Palmeira Mansions, is listed separately at Grade II* for its "outstanding" and "remarkable collection of fittings from the 1880s" (A.W. Mason bought the house in 1889, although the work may not have been completed until 1899). These include multicoloured marbled floors, staircases, handrails, panelling, columns and dado rails; lincrusta wallpaper; gilded ceilings in a Moorish style; stained glass in various styles; ostentatious chimneypieces, including one by Doulton and others with "riotous swirling motifs&quot an overmantel made of Venetian glass; decorative light fittings depicting cherubim and serpents; ceramic tiles by Arts and Crafts designer Walter Crane; and a Rococo-style former ballroom.</p><br>
<h3>Surrounding buildings</h3><br>
<p>Gwydyr Mansions is at the northeastern corner of the square, between Rochester Gardens and Holland Road. An opulent set of mansion flats designed by local firm Clayton & Black in 1890, it is in the Flemish Renaissance style and combines ashlar and red brick in its "busy" façade. The entrance has Classical elements, with Tuscan columns in antis beneath a pediment; elsewhere, there elaborate gables, turrets and canted bay and oriel windows.</p><br>
<p>Palmeira House, designed in 1887 by Thomas Lainson of Lainson & Sons, was that firms first building for the Brighton & Hove Co-operative Supply Association. It is a "richly Italianate" stucco-clad office building. Opposite, Zephania Kings ornate Tudor Revival-style branch building for the London and County Bank (now offices), with tall chimneys and gables, was completed in 1890.</p><br>
<p>St John the Baptist&#39;s Church, the Anglican church serving the area, was built between 1852 and 1854 to the design of William and Edward Habershon. The flint and ashlar building is Decorated Gothic Revival in style and has a later tower (built in the 1870s) topped with a tall stone broach spire. All of the large windows have tracery in the Decorated style. The entrance porch dates from 1906–07. The worship space was cut down in 1990–92 when part of the building was converted by architect Mark Hills into the Cornerstone Community Centre. This required the addition of a tall steel-framed structure and a new glazed opening in the roof.</p><br>
<p>The Joshua Davis House at 1888 S. Main St. in Orem, Utah, United States, was built in 1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1998.</p><br>
<p>J. Cory Jensen, in its NRHP nomination, wrote:</p><br>
<p>The Davis house is a good example of the transitional character of the architecture on the Provo Bench</p><br>
<p>at the latter-part of the 19th century. The salmon-colored, soft-fired brick, found on many of the homes</p><br>
<p>in the region, became available on the Provo Bench in the early 1880s which allowed for greater</p><br>
<p>variation in used in Victorian-style architecture. Although Classical in form, the Victorian influence in</p><br>
<p>the architectural details is readily apparent. Because many of the farmers on the bench struggled to</p><br>
<p>make an income for many years, the architecture of their homes remained in the simple,</p><br>
<p>unembellished Classical-style architecture of their predecessors. Those who saw success in their</p><br>
<p>farms began to build or alter their present homes in the Victorian styles, mainly the Victorian Eclectic</p><br>
<p>which enlisted such details as asymmetrical facades, bay windows, arched window and door openings,</p><br>
<p>wooden shingles on the vertical surfaces, decorative brickwork, and leaded-glass windows. The Davis</p><br>
<p>house combines a Classical house type with many of the Victorian Eclectic features common from</p><br>
<p>1885-1910.</p><br>
<p>The Merton S. Goodnow House at 446 S. Main St. in Hutchinson, Minnesota was built in 1913. It was designed by Purcell, Feick & Elmslie. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed architecturally significant as "a fine example of Prairie School architecture designed by the noted firm of Purcell and Elmslie." The firm focused on designs for relatively inexpensive houses on small lots, such as this. According to the NRHP nomination:The houses were distinguished by simple massing, compact plans and, if possible, the use of inexpensive materials. Inspiration for these homes came from Frank Lloyd Wrights "Fireproof House for $5,000", published by the Ladies Home Journal in 1907. The Goodnow House is characteristic of Purcell and Elmslie&#39;s residential designs with two stories, a gabled roof, tinted stucco and grouped windows. The massing is unified by string courses, extended beams and boldly overhanging roofs which co-exist with the interplay of horizontals and verticals. Typical of Purcell and Elmslie was the use of both brick and stucco on the exterior. The living room and dining room are opened as a single space which pivots around the fireplace. This was a highly sophisticated spatial arrangement maximizing the sense of space in a restricted area. This arrangement was continually refined by Purcell and Elmslie in their residential work.</p><br>
<p>The Gold Beach Ranger Station was built at Gold Beach, Oregon in Siskiyou National Forest  in 1936 by the Civilian Conservation Corps . The ranger station comprises several structures that typify the USA Forest Service&#39;s design style of the time.</p><br>
<p>The main structure is an 1196 square foot one-story frame office building set on a concrete foundation veneered with rubble stone. The gable features the USFS pine tree logo. The Ranger&#39;s Residence was also built in 1936 in a similar style, together with two smaller residences. A one-story crewhouse was built at the same time, together with a shop, warehouse and equipment shed. Some of the buildings feature custom-made hardware in a tree motif.</p><br>
<p>The Gold Beach Ranger Station was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 8, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Volcano of Roccamonfina is an extinct volcano in Roccamonfina, Campania, southern Italy. It was active from some 650,000 to 50,000 years ago. It comprises an isolated large cone of some 25 km perimeter between the Monti Aurunci, the plain and valley of the Garigliano, the Monte Massico and the Monti Trebulani. The central caldera has a diameter of nearly 6 km. Volcanic activity is now replaced by minor seismic movements and by the presence of mineral waters. The mount is part of the Roccamonfina-Garigliano Mouth Regional Park, created in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Ciampate del Diavolo are a series of hominid footprints in solidified ash from an eruption of the volcano 345,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The volcano originated as a stratovolcano in the Garigliano rift valley, with a group of eructive mouths spread in a 1,000 km² area; later an effusive activity concentrated in the central area, forming a volcanic cone some 1,800 m-high, mostly formed of tephra and accompanied by minor cones such as the Monte Ofelio at south-west. Some 400,000 years ago, the collapse of the volcano&#39;s eastern sector formed a caldera which, for some time, was occupied by a volcanic lake.</p><br>
<p>A second period of volcanic activity began some 385,000 years ago with an explosive eruption, including eruptions from the former caldera. This phase continued until some 285,000 years ago. The formation of the volcano also modified the course of the Garigliano and Volturno rivers. The Volturno moved southwest in what is its current course; the Garigliano no longer reached the sea, and formed a lake (Lake Lirino) until (around 200,000 years ago) it eroded rocks near Suio and assumed the current course.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>St Andrew&#39;s Church is a heritage-listed Anglican church at Mangerton Street, Toogoolawah, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built from 1911 to 1912 by local builder Donald Alexander Menzies at a cost of £839. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>When first constructed, it featured a shingle roof, a hand carved altar and a choir stall screen and was described at the time as "a welcome advance in the church architecture of this district". The Anglican Church Chronicle reported that "The treatment is original and effective and proves that the possibilities in connection with the architecture of wooden buildings are wider in extent than is commonly supposed".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Andrew&#39;s Church was constructed in 1911-1912 for the Anglican congregation in Toogoolawah, on land donated in 1911 by Mary Elizabeth McConnel of Cressbrook. The McConnel family were personal friends of Archbishop of Brisbane St Clair Donaldson.</p><br>
<p>The town of Cressbrook Creek (later Toogoolawah) was founded when her husband, JH McConnel, subdivided a large section of the Cressbrook estate in the late 1890s, and established a condensed milk factory on Cressbrook Creek in 1898. The town expanded when the rail connection to Ipswich was completed in 1904, and again after purchase of the factory by the Nestle & Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company Ltd in 1907.</p><br>
<p>Prior to construction of the church, services at Cressbrook Creek had been conducted at the Union Church, and then in the Anglican hall built by the McConnels in 1906.Brisbane diocesan architect Robin Smith Dods prepared the designs for the church in 1908. He was well known to the McConnels, having designed in 1901 the Victoria Chapel at Cressbrook station.</p><br>
<p>St Andrews was erected in 1911-1912 by local contractor DA Menzies, who constructed most of the buildings in Toogoolawah until the mid-1920s. The contract price was &pound;839. It was completed in January 1912. St. Andrew&#39;s was dedicated by Archbishop Donaldson on 12 May 1912.</p><br>
<p>The original building had no buttresses. In February 1913 it was reported that, "St Andrew&#39;s Anglican Church was severely strained and put out of plumb by a very severe windstorm last week-end. The roof and superstructure only appear to have suffered." Garden fetes raised money and tenders for repairs were called in April 1913. By August it was reported that these repairs included buttressing the church, and these buttresses have been a feature of this church since that time.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the St Andrew&#39;s Rectory was built for £1008 by a local contractor and it was formally opened and blessed by Bishop Henry Le Fanu on 10 July 1925.</p><br>
<p>The original split cedar shingles were replaced in 1966 with sawn shingles of local iron bark and crow&#39;s ash.</p><br>
<p>The original stables beside the church were removed in 1978 to relocate the Anglican Church Hall there.</p><br>
<p>The Church received the baptismal font from Archbishop Donaldsons private chapel at Bishopsbourne as a gift before its dedication, and now has many stained glass windows. St. Andrews Anglican Church, Toogoolawah, celebrated a hundred years of service on 12 May 2012 where Rob Nolan, Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Brisbane and Bishop of the Western Region, conducted the centenary service.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This timber church is set amongst mature trees on a corner site forming the north western boundary to McConnel Park. The church hall is located on the southern side of the building with the rectory further to the south. The building shows influences of stylistic trends popular around Federation.</p><br>
<p>The steep-pitch gable roof is clad with timber shingles and features projecting gables suggestive of a transept. The eaves slope at a lesser pitch to the main roof and carry across the gable fronts. The gables feature a dark timber grid pattern on a white background and have a cross above at the east and west end. The rear vestry has a hipped shingle roof.</p><br>
<p>The building is clad in dark painted weatherboards and sits on timber stumps. The building features timber buttresses which were added later. Internally, the buttress members are bolted to the tie beam and truss posts.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular plan has a projecting transept to the south. The floor is raised in the sanctuary, pulpit and altar with a post and beam timber screen which forms two side aisles leading to the vestry. Queen-post trusses form the roof with a horizontal boarded ceiling under the collar beam which rakes away to the cornice. The ceiling features square latticed vents, and the projecting transept houses the organ and has a flat ceiling with two curved timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>Internal timber is unpainted. A carved timber cross and the organ pipes are positioned above the tie-beam in front of the transept. Internal walls are of vertically jointed boards and window units consist of three timber framed lancets with pale green leadlight glazing, some of which have stained glass inserts.</p><br>
<p>Pointed arches form the western door and vestry doors, and the highly intact interior contains original pews, some altar furniture and storage cupboards.</p><br>
<p>A round stone baptismal font is positioned at the western end of the nave and fluorescent lighting has been attached to the underside of the tie-beams. The internal walls and ceiling of the vestry are lined with fibro panels with timber cover strips.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include a number of mature trees, mainly to the south and south east of the church, screening the view from McConnel Park (which contains the Toogoolawah War Memorial).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Andrew&#39;s Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Andrews&#39; Church at Toogoolawah, erected in 1911-12, is significant historically in illustrating the establishment of the Anglican Church in Toogoolawah.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a very fine example of a timber church distinguished by its scale, form and materials, and an excellent example of the ecclesiastical work of Brisbane architect Robin Smith Dods.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Andrews Church has a strong association with the Toogoolawah community, being an integral part of an historic, visually cohesive and picturesque precinct comprising St Andrews church, church hall, and rectory and adjacent McConnel Park.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Andrews Church has a strong association with the Toogoolawah community, being an integral part of an historic, visually cohesive and picturesque precinct comprising St Andrews church, church hall, and rectory and adjacent McConnel Park.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the McConnel family and their contribution to the establishment of the Anglican church in Toogoolawah.</p><br>
<p>The Block Realty-Baker House is a historic house located at 1900 Beechwood in Little Rock, Arkansas.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a 2-1/2 story masonry structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof. Wood-framed ells extend to the rear, which are finished in weatherboard. The front roof is pierced by four gabled dormers, and the entrance, set in at the center of the front facade, is recessed in an opening with flanking sidelight and transom windows. The opening is topped by an entablature with cornice. It was designed in Colonial Revival style by architect John Parks Almand and built about 1940 by the Block Realty Company.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 24, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Cuevas de los Murciélagos are a complex of two volcanic caves on La Palma, Canary Islands. They are located at the Nacientes de Marcos y Cordero  near the municipality of San Andrés y Sauces in the north of the island. Cueva de los Murciélagos I is located in an altitude of 1220 m, Cueva de los Murciélagos II in an altitude of 1000 m. Both caves have a length of 100 m. The access is not difficult. Though it is a descending tube it is good to walk. On the endpoint of the Cueva de los Murciélagos I is a small firepit in the soil which is slightly more complicated to access. In some areas it has a steep slope. It&#39;s a rather old cave where erosion caused by the years is evident, hence the debris is very abundant and they are large blocks of terrestrial material.</p><br>
<p>The caves host an important breeding colony of the Canary big-eared bat. In the 1980s the Cueva de los Murciélagos I become known as paleontological site where fossil remains of the La Palma giant lizard (Gallotia auaritae) and the Trias greenfinch (Carduelis triasi) were unearthed.</p><br>
<p>Crumbled House is a ruined great house of the Ancestral Puebloans, just east of the Chuska Mountains, in New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Based on ceramic dating, the buildings were built and occupied between 1100 and 1250 AD.</p><br>
<p>Crumbled House is a Chaco Protection Site, or special management area.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Crumbled House is located within the boundary of the Navajo Nation in the northwestern part of the state of New Mexico. Crumbled House lay at the extreme west end of the Chaco Canyon influence area and 72 km west of central Chaco Canyon proper. The site also exists in a line of sight configuration leading southeastly toward Kin Kletso. The site is located about 104 km south of Mesa Verde, at an average elevation of about 1,790 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The site is about 3 km southwest of the Chuska Mountains, from which the builders obtained construction timber.</p><br>
<p>It lies on the Chuska Slope, sometimes called the Chuska Valley, which forms the eastern footslope of the Chuska range.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and site plan</h2><br>
<p>Crumbled House is a fortification type structure that utilizes the natural defenses around a tabletop mesa. The site has two room blocks and three major segments that begin at the top of the mesa, and descend the talus west slope and the plateau east slope via the use of stairways.</p><br>
<p>The mesa top segment formed a triangular upper block. There were massive circular towers at each tip of the triangular structure; high stone walls followed the edges of the mesa. Its layout led to the upper segment being referred to as the "Castle of the Chuskas". The upper segment is 30 m above the floor of the surrounding valley. One side is about 47 m long and the other two faces about 81 m long. There may have been about eighty ground floor rooms in this block, twenty-five rooms on the second story and fourteen subterranean kivas. The masonry walls are made of sandstone cobbles collected from the talus slope.</p><br>
<p>The second segment and a major defensive feature is the eastern moat. The wide moat separated the mesa from the open plateau along with a strong wall incorporated on the northeastern face completing a ribbon of defense against access from the plateau approach.</p><br>
<p>The third segment and second room block of Crumbled House is about 21 m to the south of the castle on a steep talus slope, stepping down about 20 m in five or six terraces. It is no more than 55 m by 60 m in size, containing about 150 rectangular rooms and sixteen round kivas. The lower house is built from dark sandstone rocks collected from the talus slope to the west.</p><br>
<p>Based on ceramic and architectural criteria, the great house was occupied between 1150 and 1250, and the compound between 1250 and 1300. Crumbled House&#39;s rock masonry style and keyhole shaped kivas suggest a relation to Mesa Verde masonry traditions.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>The people of this community appear to have been closer in culture to the people of the Mesa Verde than to those of Chaco Canyon.</p><br>
<p>The Crumbled House Black-on-white pottery of the Chuska tradition is similar to Mesa Verde Black-on-white, which was made between 1180 and 1300 AD,</p><br>
<p>although not identical.</p><br>
<p>Crumbled House Black on white has been found at 35% of sites where Mesa Verde Corrugated has been found, and at 20% of sites where Mancos Black-on-white was found.</p><br>
<p>Almost 20% of the chipped stone found at Crumbled House is Narbona Pass chert, from a quarry of the top of the Chuska mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Crossett Methodist Church is now known as the First Methodist Church of Crossett. It is at 500 Main St., Crossett, Arkansas, United States, and was built in 1949.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is the work of architect John Parks Almand and of Trapp, Clippord & Phelps. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in February 17, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Before 1902, a travelling Methodist minister held meetings in a tent, across from the Missouri Pacific Railroad station. The owners of Crossett Lumber Company owned all the property in town and paid the preacher. The Arkansas law in 1837 prohibited the sale of liquor within one mile of a place of worship. Overnight, a wooden church was built on the site of the tent meeting. This kept a pending saloon license from being issued, and stopped its opening in the town.</p><br>
<p>The Cueva de los Murciélagos is a cave system in the Sierras Subbéticas located about 4 km southeast of the town of Zuheros in the southern province of Córdoba in Spain. Although the caves were discovered in 1868, they were not studied until 1938. The caves host one of the largest bat colonies in Andalusia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and formation</h2><br>
<p>The caves are located in an extensive karst landscape at an altitude of 980 metres in the heart of the Cañada de Malos Vientos mountain (1000 m) in southern Andalusia. The rock formations and caves with stalactites, stalagmites and subterranean lakes were formed due to weathering and leaching of carbonate rocks. The caves have a total length of 2,000 metres, of which only 450 metres can be accessed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Speleologists discovered tombs from the middle Paleolithic period, which show evidence of human occupation of the caves 35,000 years ago. According to the Carbon-14 dating method, finds from the Neolithic period have an age from 4,300 to 3,980 BC. The researchers reconstructed the lives of people whose artefacts were found preferentially at the cave entrance. Here they cooked their meals on an open firepit. Their diet consisted of the meat of wild and farm animals and various cereals. They used tools created of flint and bones, in order to cut leather. They manufactured red painted vessels, as well as necklaces and bracelets made of sea shells, which they probably acquired through trade with coastal residents. Apparently, the group was on the transition from a live as hunter-gatherers to a live as farmers, who cultivated crops and bred domestic animals.</p><br>
<p>On various walls there are cave paintings which show depictions of goats, of an eye, and of several human figures. The drawings are dated from the Neolithic period (6000-3000 BC) and the bronze age (3000-2000 BC).</p><br>
<p>The Pindai Caves of New Caledonia are an archaeological and palaeontological site important for the study of prehistoric human settlement as well as of the Holocene fauna of the island. The Pindai area has been occupied by humans for varying periods over the last 2,800 years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site comprises six caves, in coral limestone upraised about 5 m, at the seaward tip of the Népoui Peninsula on the north-west coast of Grande Terre, about 240 km north-west of Noumea. Two of the caves have easy walk-in access; they contain the richest cultural material and the fewest fossils. The other four caves are sinkholes capable of trapping animals, especially ground-dwelling and flightless birds, and contain the most fossils. All the caves broaden from their entrances into large underground chambers.</p><br>
<p>Numerous subfossils of extinct fauna have been found in the caves, including the endemic terrestrial crocodile Mekosuchus, the giant horned turtle Meiolania, and numerous bird taxa, with remains of the giant flightless Sylviornis being especially common.</p><br>
<p>The Depoe Bay Bridge is one of a series of significant bridges along the Oregon Coast Highway. The concrete arch bridge spans the mouth of Depoe Bay at milepost 127.61 with a 150 ft main span, and a total length of 312 ft. The bridge&#39;s designer was Conde McCullough who designed all of the 1920s bridges on the highway. The original bridge, completed in 1927, was only 18 ft wide from curb to curb with no sidewalks, and was widened in 1940 with a similar arched concrete bridge immediately adjacent to the original. The added structure is sympathetic to the original and is included in the National Register of Historic Places listing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original bridge spans the narrow outlet of Depoe Bay with one long arch and three arched girders on one approach side, with a smaller arched girder on the other side. The bridge was built by the Kuckenberg-Wittman Company for $55,000. The deck features a decorative arched railing with details in the Art Moderne style popular at the time. The 1940 bridge joins the original bridge to create a 48 ft wide roadway with 5 ft sidewalks on either side. The new span was built by the Odom Construction Company and incorporates stairs and a walkway under the bridge for access to the Depoe Bay Whale Watching Center.</p><br>
<p>The Depoe Bay Bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Cala Comte is a beach in the south west of the Spanish island of Ibiza. It is in the municipality of Sant Josep de sa Talaia and is 5.0 mi west of the village of Sant Agustí des Vedrà.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The beach of Cala Comte is a small sandy beach with several small coves near by. The beach has shallow clear blue and turquoise water which is kept that way by the constant flow of sea currents in the area. From the beach there are views of the small islands of S’Espartar Illa des Bosc and Sa Conillera. The beach to the western side of the rocky headland is popular with families, whilst the beach to the eastern side is an unofficial nudist spot.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Located on the crown of the small headland, there is a restaurant and shop along with toilet facilities. From the headland there are views across to several small islands. During the summer months the beach is patrolled by lifeguards. Behind the headland on the cliff tops there is a car park which becomes extremely busy in the summer.</p><br>
<h3>Blue Flag</h3><br>
<p>In 2010 Cala Conte was one of the fifteen beaches on the island to have been awarded a prestigious Blue Flag.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The beach is in the municipality of Sant Josep de sa Talaia but the nearest large island resort is Sant Antoni. To get to the beach from Sant Antoni there are several options. It is a well signposted drive with brown tourist signs from the PM 803 road at the nearby village of Sant Agustí des Vedrà. There is also a frequent bus service in the summer from both Sant Antoni and Ibiza town.</p><br>
<p>There are also regular ferry boat departures regularly San Antonio harbour and various hotels along the Sant Antoni Bay during the summer months to the beach.</p><br>
<p>The Schwarzer See is a lake on the German Baltic Sea island of Rügen. It belongs to the municipality of Sellin and is located in the Granitz Forest.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 23 hectares, a greatest depth of 15 metres and the elevation of its water surface above sea level is. The lake, which is poor in nutrients, is one of the very rare types of waterbody, a so-called kettle lake (Kesselsee).</p><br>
<p>Around the shores the formation of transitional bogs and raised bogs is taking place. It places there is a quagmire vegetation. Here, peat moss, cottongrasses, bog-bean, cranberries and bog rosemary occur.</p><br>
<p>The entire lake, the bogs around its shores and a 100-metre-wide strip of the wood surrounding the lake are designated as a core zone of the Southeast Rügen Biosphere Reserve. That said, the lake is accessible to hikers and cyclists along the path from Binz to Sellin. The lake itself can be reached on a small wooden jetty.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Perkins Addition was a 13 house development in Salt Lake City, Utah. Ten of its houses survived in 1983 and nine were each individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Perkins Addition was a "streetcar subdivision" development of 13 brick houses, all built in 1891 by a Denver investment company, ten of which survived in 1983 and nine of which were listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The nine NRHP-listed ones are each covered in a section below. The one not NRHP-listed is the Elgin S. Yankee House, at 955 E. 1700 South.</p><br>
<h2>John Vaughan</h2><br>
<p>John Vaughan (architect) was an architect who designed many homes.</p><br>
<h2>W.S. Burhaus</h2><br>
<p>W.S. Burhaus was a contractor who built many of them.</p><br>
<h2>Alexander Mitchell House</h2><br>
<p>The Alexander Mitchell House at 1620 S. 1000 East, in Salt Lake City, Utah, was built in 1891. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 for its architecture, which is Victorian Eclectic, Late Victorian, and other.</p><br>
<p>The Mitchell House is one of three buildings in the NRHP listing of Perkins Addition houses that are not built from the pattern-book design shared by seven others. It includes similar elements: a prominent gable in its front facade, and the use of fishscale shingles in gabled areas.</p><br>
<h2>Byron Cummings House</h2><br>
<p>The Byron Cummings House at 936 E. 1700 South, in Salt Lake City, Utah, was built in 1891. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is significant in part for association with Byron Cummings, known as "the father</p><br>
<p>of athletics" at University of Utah.</p><br>
<p>It is one of seven identical-plan buildings in the Perkins Addition, built from the same pattern-book design. The Perkins Addition was a "streetcar subdivision" development of 13 brick houses, all built in 1891 by a Denver investment company, ten of which survived in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Harper J. Dininny House</h2><br>
<p>925 E. Logan Avenue, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<h2>Charles H. Weeks House</h2><br>
<p>935 E. Logan Avenue, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<h2>Thomas Yardley House</h2><br>
<p>955 E. Logan Avenue, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<h2>John W. Judd House</h2><br>
<p>918 E. Logan Avenue, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<h2>Clifford R. Pearsall House</h2><br>
<p>950 E. Logan Avenue, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<h2>Henry Luce House</h2><br>
<p>921 E. 1700 South, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<h2>Mabry-Van Pelt House</h2><br>
<p>946 E. 1700 South, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas City High School was a comprehensive public high school serving students between 1910 and 2004 in Arkansas City, Arkansas, United States. Since 2004 the original 1910 building, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, has served as a courthouse annex for Desha County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Historic facility</h3><br>
<h4>Arkansas City High School (1910-1983)</h4><br>
<p>Located in Desha County in southeastern Arkansas, the Arkansas City High School was built in 1910 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was designed by Arkansas architect Clyde A. Ferrell in Colonial Revival and Renaissance Revival style architecture. This building served as the high school until another building located on Arkansas Highway 4 operated between 1983 and 2004.</p><br>
<h4>Courthouse Annex (2005-)</h4><br>
<p>Since its closure in the mid-1980s, the facility feel in disrepair, then in 2003 a $2.2 million renovation completed in 2005 revived the structure and since then has been used as a courthose annex and while the courthouse was undergoing renovations in the early 2000s, the high school housed the county courts also.</p><br>
<h3>Public education in Arkansas City</h3><br>
<p>Since 2004, the McGehee School District serves Arkansas Citys public education needs. Previously the Arkansas City School District served Arkansas City. The district had two schools, Arkansas City Elementary School and Arkansas City High School. The Arkansas City High School mascot was the River Rat, named so do to the towns close proximity to the Mississippi River. In 2004 the Arkansas Legislature approved a law that forced school districts with fewer than 350 students apiece to consolidate with other districts. On July 1, 2004, the Arkansas City district merged into the McGehee district. After the acquisition, the McGehee district continued to operate the Arkansas City campus (located on Arkansas Highway 4) as a K-6 school. By October 2005 the district no longer operated the Arkansas City facility.</p><br>
<h3>New facility</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-1980s, the school district built a new facility along Arkansas Highway 4 that served as the high school until 2004, then due to the school district consolidation, it was used as an elementary school (K-6) and known as the Arkansas City Campus of the McGehee School District.</p><br>
